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The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing——Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $ 13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.

Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them, The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them——and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.

The product they're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield, Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed: Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.


【总体分析】:

来源:The Guardian《卫报》2017.06.18。本文由互联网巨头 Amazon、Facebook两起天价收购引人揭示其服务的本质在于“攫取用户数据”,并明确现实问题所在:当前竞争法已经与时代脱轨,无力规范数字经济中的垄断行为,亟需改变以确保大众权益。

  1. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its ________.

    由第一段可知,Facebook 收购 WhatsApp 是因为看中了后者的________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】首段①句破折号后指出 Facebook高价收购毫无任何实体产品的 WhatsApp,②句暗示原因:WhatsApp能为其提供一张精细的用户朋友关系和社交生活网(an...web of its users’ ...),也即“用户信息”,【D】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】【C】源于①句“没有任何实体产品(doesn't have any physical product)”,但【A】中的“数字产品(电子书、电子音乐等)”≠文中“在线通信服务”;【C】中的“资产”问题在文中并未提及,但实际上作者恰恰暗示“收购与金钱(物质)关系不大”。【B】将看似褒义的表述 intricate and finely detailed 与service 强加关联,但用户关系网复杂详尽≠其服务品质好。

    【提炼思路】转折处(强调 but、however 之后内容)、取舍处(强调“取”)都是语义重点所在,关乎主旨,是高频命题点。首段①句后半部分及②句构成取舍结构:WhatsApp...doesn't have any...(舍)What WhatsApp offered Facebook was...(取),故后句为解题关键,概括 an... web of its users’...即可得出答案。


  2. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may _________.

    把电话号码与 Facebook身份信息(ID)关联可能会________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第二段②③句指出 Facebook“背弃承诺(将电话号码与 Facebook ID挂钩)”的危害:就算不知道信息的具体内容,但消息接收者与发送者的(身份)信息也会极大程度上泄露内情(revealing 指“泄密的”),也即威胁用户隐私权,【A】正确。

    【排除干扰】【B】把首句“Facebook 背弃对欧委会‘不关联’的承诺”偷换为“关联本身会误导欧委会”【C】过度推断③句内容,但此处实为例证,借“有权的政治人物尚且隐私难保”表明“大众隐私权更是堪忧”。【D】将“泄露用户信息”窜改为“搞乱用户信息”。

    【提炼思路】事实题除精准定位、逐一比对选项之外,还应借助全文或段落主旨辅助解答。第二段论述中心实为“Facebook举措对用户(users)的影响”,而首段末句、末段也聚焦“用户情况”,据此判断本文在“为民说话”,【B】和【C】分别聚焦“欧委会”和“政治”,偏离主旨,D】则不痛不痒,构不成实质伤害。【A】虽泛泛而谈,但触及核心矛盾问题。


  3. According to the author, competition law ________.

    作者认为,竞争法________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第三段②句指出,竞争法笨拙不堪(clumsy),③句随即引出原因之一:它跟不上数字经济变化的速度(very slow compared to the pace of...),【C】符合该内容。

    【排除干扰】【A】与④句“新的权力滥用取代了旧问题”的内涵“法律手段应跟上形势变化,力求对新生权力起效”相悖。【B】糅杂 imbalances、economy、financial disadvantage 等信息而来,但它们均表现“数字巨头垄断之势日益严峻、用户权益面临威胁”之意,而非“竟争法对宏观经济的影响”。【D】从①②句the only way to address、clumsy 等信息中过度推出“竞争法具体策略单一”,文意实为“竟争法整体未能跟上现实发展”。

    【提炼思路】当目标段落信息量大且选项信息四散难以定位时,可借助“划分意群并归纳整合信息”的办法解题。本题对应的第三段中,前两句可总领全段,而由③句 For one thing...和⑤句 But there is adeeper conceptual problem...可知本段主要论及两个问题,即竞争法跟不上时代(③④句),以及竞争法在概念上存在问题(⑤至⑧句),据此即可快速锁定【C】。


  4. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ________.

    当前所阐释的竞争法很难保护Facebook用户,原因在于________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】⑤句引出竞争法的第二个问题:概念性问题,⑥⑦句进而解释:当前所阐释的法律是“保护消费者不受经济损失(...to consumers)”,但问题在于用户(users)没有为服务付钱,不能算作消费者因而他们难以受到法律保护的原因在于“身份定位问题”,【B】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】将⑥句用户“不(用)为服务买单(don'tpay for them)”窜改为“经济上无能力为服务买单(not financially reliable)”。【C】误认为“竞争法的保护效力是由服务或产品的性质决定”,与“是否为消费者决定其是否能受到保护”的文意不符。【D】把⑧句“顾客是那些付钱买广告的人,即广告主(而非用户)”微妙扭曲为“服务是广告主偿付的”,广告主虽为“消费者”,但支付的内容≠数字平台所有服务。

    【提炼思路】反复出现的关键概念或复杂关系势必表明作者深层用意。第三段⑥至⑧句都在解释“身份问题”,即:Facebook用户(users)为何不是消费者、谁又是消费者;而【A】【C】均与身份问题无关,【D】看似从侧面否定了用户的消费者身份,但用the services偷换了文中 advertising。【B】与⑤句“竞争法存在概念性问题”契合,昭示作者用意:数字经济下应重新定义保护条件。


  5. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ________.

    作者使用蚂蚁的类比来阐明________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】末段②③句把“蚂蚁养殖,保护蚜虫以获取蜜露”与“Google 养殖,保护我们以获取数据”相类比;末句对这种关系加以讽刺,可见该类比意在揭示以Google、Facebook为代表的科技巨头 VS用户之间的不平等关系,【D】符合文义。

    【排除干扰】【A】把文中 ants farm the bugs...for...(为……而养)所体现的“利用关系”扭曲为“竟争关系”。【B】从“蚂蚁养蚜虫,蚜虫以蜜露供养蚂蚁”的关系中得出“两者互利”的结论,但选项只聚焦“数字巨头”,忽略居于核心地位的“用户”以及全文立意:批驳数字巨头借垄断地位渔利广大用户,希望相关法律有所作为,保障用户权益。【C】从“蚜虫有人养,有人护”的情形中臆测出作者想展示“数字巨头为用户带来的实惠”。

    【提炼思路】文章虽由科技公司间的兼并收购引入,但后三段都在探讨“巨头与其用户的关系”,而【A】和【B】只针对“数字巨头之间”的情况;【C】虽然涉及“巨头与用户”双方,但积极导向背离全文总体态度,只有【D】正确体现文中主要关系,契合末段It doesn't feel like...,even if...(就算惠及双方,但……)所含观点。


【全文翻译】:

数字经济巨头的势力及野心令人瞠目——亚马逊公司刚刚宣布以 135 亿美元的价格收购高端连锁食品店 Whole Foods,而在两年前,Facebook甚至出资更高收购了根本没有任何实体产品的 WhatsApp(即时)通讯服务。WhatsApp 为 Facebook提供的,是一套复杂而精确详尽的用户朋友圈及其社交生活网。

Facebook当时向欧委会承诺不会把电话号码与 Facebook身份信息相关联,但协议刚获准通过,它就背弃了这一承诺。即使不了解信息的具体内容,但其发送者以及接收者的(身份)信息在极大程度上也会透漏内情,且这种情况仍会继续。特蕾莎·梅的政敌正在其中进行密谋的那些 WhatsApp(聊天)群,哪个政治记者、哪个党鞭会不想知道其成员构成?也许对于亚马逊来说,Whole Foods 的价值与其说是在于它旗下的 460 间店铺,倒不如说在于其顾客的购买记录。

竞争法似乎是解决这些权力失衡问题的唯一办法。但它却笨抽不堪。一方面,相较于数字经济中革新的步伐,它太慢了。某个问题待其得到解决和补救时,这个问题可能已经在市场中烟消云散了,取而代之的是新的权力滥用。但是还存在一个更深层的概念性问题。当前所阐释的竞争法应对的是消费者的经济损失问题,而当这些服务的用户并不是它们的支付者时,法规就不明确了。其(数字巨头)服务的用户不是它们的顾客。它们的顾客是那些花钱购买广告的人——而Facebook和 Google这两大实质上的巨头,它们掌控了数字广告,这不利于所有其他的媒体和娱乐公司。

它们售卖的产品是数据,而我们这些用户,将我们的生活转化为数据,为数字巨头盈利之用。就好像许多蚂蚁会养殖一种名为蚜虫的昆虫,以获取它们进食时分泌出的蜜露,同样地,Google养殖我们是为了获取我们数字生活所产生的数据。蚂蚁防范食肉昆虫靠近其蚜虫进食之处;Gmail 防范垃圾邮件发送者入侵我们的收件箱。这可不像一种人类的,或者说民主的关系,尽管双方均能够获益。