Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Part C
Directions :
Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment, and (47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul'sand the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage——where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
【总体分析】：
本文节选自 William Neilson与 Ashley Thorndike 合著的 The Facts About Shakespeare 一书中的第五章 The Elizabethan Drama。选文共三段，参照莎士比亚人生中的重要节点（出生、开始剧本写作、停止剧本写作），将英国伊丽莎白时期这一戏剧盛世分为三个阶段。本文指出，由于人们对戏剧存在广泛需求，在职业演员阶层兴起、公共剧院建成、“大学才子”加人戏剧界等多个因素直接刺激下，英国戏剧酝酿、发展并步入鼎盛阶段。
参考答案
他出生时，欧洲正见证着宗教剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧启发之下新型戏剧形式的诞生。
解析
①本句实为含有两个并列宾语（the passing of...and the creation of...）的简单句。关键点在两个并列宾语的翻译，两者均被 of结构后置定语修饰限定，故可根据汉语习惯译为偏正结构“……的消亡/诞生”（注：passing最常见的含义，一是“流逝，消亡，死亡”，二是“通过，经过”，但根据 creation“诞生”与之并列，可以推测此处不是“通过”，而是“消亡”的含义）。②状语 under the incentive of...可根据汉语表达习惯提前，即“在……启发之下”（注：incentive本义指“刺激”，此处用以说明“新式戏剧借力古典悲剧及喜剧逐渐诞生”，故将其延伸处理为“启发”更符合语境）。
参考答案
凡是文法学校的学童就不会不知道，戏剧这种文学形式曾给希腊和罗马带来辉煌，或也将为英国带来荣耀。
解析
①本句主干为 no boy could be ignorant。难点主要在于从句套从句，who 定语从句较短，可译成“的”字结构，that 宾语从句中又嵌套一个 which 定语从句修饰aform of literature，由于长度较长，不宜译成“的”字结构，可先将其按照原文语序处理为“戏剧是一种文学形式，它……”；尔后再进一步简化为“戏剧这种文学形式……”。②定语从句中两个谓语 gave glory to与 bring honor to结构相似、语义相近、方向相对“给……带去辉煌，给……带来荣耀”，翻译时可处理为相同的表达“给……带来辉煌/荣耀”，虽说有模糊其方向差异之嫌，但更借其排比气势突显文意。③boy本指“男孩”，此处暗将文内特指莎士比亚上升至任何上过文法学校的学童，故将其译成“学童”。
参考答案
但是专业剧团在他们的固定剧场里蓬勃发展，而大学里有文学抱负的人们迅速转向这些剧场，视其为一种谋生手段。
解析
①本句实为 and 连接的两个并列分句组成。第一分句中 company 一般指“公司”，但根据其后文“在其固定剧院里”可推知其实指“剧团；演出团”；permanent本义为“永久的，永恒的”，但在这里用以形容剧院，且由段首句“首座公共剧院落成”可知这里所指的剧院是固定下来，非流动的，所以可译为“固定剧院”。②第二分句中 with 结构修饰主语 university men，翻译时可前置，即“有文学抱负的……”；be + adj. + to do sth是一种比较特殊的句式（如 Bob is quick to react相当于 Bob reacts quickly），翻译时常常将 adi.译为副词，to do译为谓语动词。同理，本句 quick 翻译为副词“很快（地）”
参考答案
一种本土的文学戏剧已然形成，它与公共剧场的联盟已然建立，它的伟大传统中至少有一部分也已然开启。
解析
①本句包含三个结构平行的分句，第二个分句中省略了 had been，补全后为 had been established。时态上，本句延续了上句 By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five，翻译时应体现出“已经”的含义；语态方面，三个分句均是被动句，可按汉语“多用主动句”的习惯改写。②第三个分句中的begun 是及物动词 begin 的过去分词，还原后是 begin traditions“开启传统”，所以不宜译为“开始”，而应是“传统已经被开启出来”，再进一步改写为“传统已然开启”。
参考答案
要明白当时的戏剧活动是何等繁荣，我们还必须记住，大量剧作都已散失，恐怕没有哪位知名作家的全部作品幸存至今。
解析
①本句实为两个并列宾语结构组成的简单句，其中第二个宾语从句中嵌套一个 whose定语从句，该从句长度较短，尽管可译成“的”字结构，并结合there be句型将该宾语从句整体框架处理为“没有一位……的知名作家”（注：of note 意为 of importance or great interest“重要的，引人注目的”，这里用来形容 author，可译为“知名的/显要的作家”），但是这样一来，定语会显得冗长，所以定语从句按照原文语序，译为“（作家的）全部作品幸存至今"会更好。②To realize结构中 great含义很多，需要根据上下文选取最合适的译法。本段以剧本和剧作家数量众多来体现戏剧活动的盛况，故译为“繁荣”比较贴切。
【全文翻译】：
莎士比亚一生恰逢戏剧活力非凡、成就辉煌的时期。（46）他出生时，欧洲正见证着宗教剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧启发之下新型戏剧形式的诞生。起初，这些新式戏剧主要由有识之士编写、业余演员表演；但在英格兰，就像在其他西欧国家一样，职业演员阶层的崛起预示着戏剧将要变得大众化，不管它是新式戏剧还是旧式戏剧，古典戏剧还是中世纪戏剧，文学剧还是滑稽剧。宫廷、学校、业余组织及游方艺人都在竞相满足人们对戏剧娱乐的普遍渴求；而且（47）凡是文法学校的学童就不会不知道，戏剧这种文学形式曾给希腊和罗马带来辉煌，或也将为英国带来荣耀。
莎士比亚 12 岁时，首座公共剧院在伦敦落成。文学一度对这个公共舞台毫无兴趣。想获取文学殊荣的戏剧为学校或宫廷而写或为圣保罗大教堂及皇家教堂唱诗班男童而写，不过唱诗班男童除了在宫廷表演，也在公开场合表演。（48）但是专业剧团在他们的固定剧场里蓬勃发展，而大学里有文学抱负的人们迅速转向这些剧场，视其为一种谋生手段。到莎士比亚25 岁时，利利、皮尔和格林已创作出雅俗共赏的喜剧，基德已编写出令剧场座无虚席的悲剧，而马洛则使诗意及创造力在大众舞台上大放异彩——两者自欧里庇德斯逝世以来（在大众舞台上）并无一席之地。（49）一种本土的文学戏剧已然形成，它与公共剧场的联盟已然建立，它的伟大传统中至少有一部分也已然开启。
此后二十五年，伊丽莎白戏剧的发展对文学史研究者极具吸引力，因为在这段短暂的时期内，我们可以追湖多种戏剧和诸多伟大职业生涯的起始，发展、兴盛及衰落。今天，单是戏剧创作数量就今我们吃惊，更勿论当时为伦敦这座有二十万居民城市写作的剧作家的数量。（50）要明白当时的戏剧活动是何等繁荣，我们还必须记住，大量剧作都已散失，恐怕没有哪位知名作家的全部作品幸存至今。