Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Part C
Directions :
The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. (46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47) His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organisations.Alongside that, (48) many countries are introducing English into theprimary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to begaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to 10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: (50) It gives a basis to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.
【总体分析】:
本文节选自应用语言学家 David Graddol 撰写的 English Next《英语走向何方》一书的前言部分。首段指出英语作为国际通用语的霸主地位在衰落,中间四段分析其衰落趋势带给英国毕业生、英国相关行业的挑战,最后评价 David Graddol所做研究的意义并呼吁相关人士提早准备,以应对变化。
参考答案
尽管讲英语的人数在进一步增加,但有迹象显示这一语言的全球统治地位在可预见的未来可能会衰落。
解析
①even 为强调副词,表达让步语气,译为“即使,尽管”;as引导时间状语从句;the number ofEnglish speakers expands further 与上句 The growth of the use of English ... has ... been continuing 含义相似,expand 译为“增加,增长”。②主句为 there be 结构;抽象名词 signs(类似名词有 fact、news、idea.problem、message、question等)后跟同位语从句 that...,过长的同位语从句可单独译为一句“有迹象显示……”。③predominance 意为“主导地位,统治地位”;fade 和不同的主语搭配可译为“(颜色)褪去,(光线)变暗,(声音)变弱,(植物)枯萎,(记忆)模糊,(情感)变淡,(身体)变虚,(水准)下降……”,其核心含义为“逐渐由强变弱”,本句 fade 的主语是 predominance,可译为“(主导地位)衰落”。
参考答案
因此,他的分析会让一些人再也无法自满,这些人或许认为英语的全球地位十分稳固,因而英国的年轻人无需额外的语言能力。
解析
①本句主千为 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness;therefore 是表示因果关系的副词,翻译时可提至句首;end 意为“(使)结束,(使)终止”,由词根 content(满足)可推断 self-contentedness 指“自我满足感”,end any self-contentedness译为“终结……自我满足感,令……再也无法自满”。②among those(由引导词 who 可知 those 是指“人”)内嵌一个 who引导的定语从句,可将主从句拆译为两个独立句,译为“因此,他的分析……,这些人或许认为……”。③so...that 结构意为“如此……以至于……”,so起强调作用,that说明结果。
参考答案
许多国家都在把英语纳入小学课程,但英国的大、中、小学生却似乎没有得到更多的鼓励去熟练掌握其他语言。
解析
①本句为 but连接的并列复合句,对比介绍其他国家和英国的语言学习情形。but 前的分句先介绍他国情形,周定结构 introduce...into 意为“把……引进”。②but 后的分句介绍英国情形;toachieve fluency in other languages要根据汉语表达习惯活译为“熟练掌握其他语言”;schoolchildren 指学童,students指中学生和大学生。
参考答案
大卫·格拉多尔所指出的这些变化都对向其他国家的人提供英语教学的英国个人和组织机构乃至更广泛的教育产业领域构成明确的、重大的挑战。
解析
①本句主干是 The changes(主语)present(谓语)challenges(宾语)to A and B(介词短语表示给予的对象)。changes由后置定语 identified by David Graddol修饰,challenges由前置定语 clear and major 修饰。all 是副词,修饰动词 present,译为“全部,都”。②A是 the UK's providers of...to peoples of other countries。这是个名词短语,结构是 the UK’s(前置定语)providers(中心语)of...countries(后置定语)。providers of sth to sb是“向某人提供某物的人或机构”。B是 broader education business sectors。
参考答案
它为旨在促进英语学习和使用的所有组织机构提供了一个基础,该基础用于规划应对由一种或许会很不一样的运作环境所带来的各种可能。
解析
①本句的主干是 It gives a basis to all organizations。which...English 是定语从句,修饰organizations。seek to意思是“旨在,目的在于”。可以把定语从句前置翻译:旨在促进英语学习和使用的(所有组织机构)。②a basis...environment是前文abasis 的同位语,其中for planning...environment是 basis 的后置定语,因为比较长,不宜前置翻译成“为了计划……的基础”,而应该顺译:该基础为了规划……。meet不是偶然的“相遇”,而是主动的“应对”。possibilities是复数,不是指某事存在的可能性(否则要用单数 possibility),而是某事未来带来的各种前景或可能,译:所带来的各种可能。③of whacould be a very different operating environment是 possibilities 的后置定语,what是关系代词,相当于 thesort of situation that,具有双重功能,同时充当介词 of的宾语和 could be的主语。译:很不一样的运作环境(所带来的各种可能)。
【全文翻译】:
英语作为世界上国际交流的主要语言,其使用人数的增长显然已经持续了几十年。(46)尽管讲英语的人数在进一步增加,但有迹象显示这一语言的全球统治地位在可预见的未来可能会衰落。
复杂的国际、经济、技术和文化变革,可能开始削弱英语被用作国际市场语言的主导地位,并且因英语的广泛使用而享有优势的英国利益相关者将因此面临新的压力。大卫·格拉多尔提交的研究中强调了那些现实的可能性。(47)因此,他的分析会让一些人再也无法自满,这些人或许认为英语的全球地位十分稳固,因而英国的年轻人无需额外的语言能力。
大卫·格拉多尔总结道,只会一门语言的英国本科毕业生面临黯淡的经济前景,因为其他国家符合条件且掌握多门语言的年轻人在全球公司和组织中证明比英国同龄人更有竞争优势。与此同时,(48)许多国家都在把英语纳入小学课程,但英国的大、中、小学生却似乎没有得到更多的鼓励去熟练掌握其他语言。
如果对其放任自流,这些趋势将削弱英语在国际教育市场的相对实力,因为对西班牙语、阿拉伯语、汉语普通话等语言的教育资源的需求在增长:对日语、法语、德语等其他语言的国际业务流程外包在蔓延。
(49)大卫·格拉多尔所指出的这些变化都对向其他国家的人提供英语教学的英国个人和组织机构乃至更广泛的教育产业领域构成明确的、重大的挑战。英语教育行业的无形出口每年直接为英国赚取近 13 亿英镑,我们其他教育相关出口每年再额外获得高达 100 亿英镑的收益。尽管国际教育市场在扩大,最近到主要几个讲英语的国家学习的国际学生人数减少的趋势可能会持续下去,特别是如果缺乏有效战略措施来阻止这种滑落。
本研究对可能的需求转变的预测具有重大意义:(50)它为旨在促进英语学习和使用的所有组织机构提供了一个基础,该基础用于规划应对由一种或许会很不一样的运作环境所带来的各种可能。那是必要且可行的方法。在这件事上,和许多其他事上一样,那些希望影响未来的人必须做好准备。