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Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of theunsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the onlysorting mechanismin society should be profit and the market. Butit's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.”

Driving her point home, she continued: “It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes——finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge——the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation, Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions——nor received traceable, recorded answers.


【总体分析】:

来源:The Guardian《卫报》2014.06.26。本文从“热议事件”看“社会现象”:以长期引发关注、终于作出判决的“《世界新闻报》窃听案”作为切入点,对英国公共生活中大范围存在的“诚信缺失现象”进行深入揭示。

  1. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by

    根据文章前两段可知,伊丽莎白对 ________ 感到不安。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第一段介绍 Elisabeth 观点:公共机构中的诚信缺失现象令人担忧;原因在于当前人们普遍将利益和市场视为唯一的分选机制。可见【A】是Elisabeth担忧的对象,指诚信缺失现象。

    【排除干扰】【B】将第二段②句公司道德目的缺失的后果“为了追求利益而误入歧途(lose its way)”改为“造成经济损失(financial loss)”。【C】将第二段①句 the absence...of a moral language within government (政府部门道德缺失)改为 governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues(政府在应对道德问题上乏力)。【D】 将第一段①句所述机构中普遍存在的“诚信缺失(dearth of integrity)”改为“诚信滥用(misuse ofintegrity)”。

    【提炼思路】本题就前两段所介绍人物观点设题,解题时重在根据...because of ...But...the most dangerous,was wounding,making it...厘清其间“指出现象(第一段①句)——说明原因(第一段②句)——指出错误(第一段③句)——指出后果(第二段)”的逻辑。题干+正确项【A】构成对第一段①②句因果关系的转述:upset 对应 unsettling,表明 Elisabeth 担忧态度;the consequences of the current “sorting mechanism”即指 the dearth of integrity,说明 Elisabeth 担忧对象。


  2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

    由第三段可推知________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第三段在介绍审判结果之后进一步指出:这是大规模的窃听,其他人尚待审判,案件事实仍在陆续展开。可见,文中暗示很可能会有更多记者因窃听电话获罪,【D】符合文意。

    【排除干扰】【A】违背③句暗含信息“Glenn Mulcaire已承认(acknowledged)参与了一场行业规模的电话窃听”。【B】利用现实中的情形“某些情况下,电话窃听可被允许”形成干扰,但文中并未提及这种特例。【C】违背①句“Andy Coulson 因共谋窃听电话获罪”。

    【提炼思路】本题考查推理引申,正确项明确较抽象或复杂表述的言外之意,干扰项违背或主观延伸文中事实。本题正确项【D】more.journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking 是对第三段④⑤句 微妙措辞 Others await trial,This long story still unfolds 及①句抽象表达 the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands 含义的明确。


  3. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence

    作者认为丽贝卡·布鲁克斯的辩词 ________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第四段指出 Rebekah Brooks的辩词体现了道德缺失的大背景,身为时任主编,却对编辑室中所发生的事情几乎一无所知,且从没想过要去过问,甚至从来不询问新闻故事到底如何得来。其成功辩词的核心在于她一无所知。可见作者认为其辩词不够让人信服,有推卸责任之嫌,【C】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】源自②③句暗示内容“Rebekah Brooks有意推卸责任”,但这和“狡猾的人格”有一定偏差,且作者关注点在于“其辩词”而非“其人格”。【B】对②句 little...little...断章取义,认为 Rebekah Brooks辩词集中于琐事,实际上该句整体质疑 Rebekah Brooks 宣称的“一无所知”。【D】夸大其词,Rebekah Brooks 辩词中体现的是“道德问题”,不至于“构成阴谋(was part of a conspiracy)”。

    【提炼思路】本题考查“本文作者”对“文中人物辩词”的评判,需要特别关注集中体现作者观点态度的词汇(形容词、副词等)及特殊句式。【C】was hardly convincing正确概括了排比强调结构 how little she knew...how little she thought...she never inquired 以及 astonishing 一词中所蕴含的作者质疑态度。


  4. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

    作者认为,现今集体信奉的原则体现了 _________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第五段③句指出如今社会奉行“社会分选机制理应是利益”的信条。④⑤句具体说明这种信条的表现:效率,股东利益等字眼成为日益重要的词汇;正义,公平、责任等字眼则渐渐降至边缘。综合可见,作者认为如今信条体现了一种扭曲的价值观,【A】正确。

    【排除干扰】【B】将①句 well-paid executives 和⑤句 fairness 强加关联得出“财富分配不均”,实际文中二者并无直接关联。【C】利用⑤句 degraded to the margin形成干扰,但将被边缘化的对象“道德相关字眼”改为“生活方式(a lifestyle)”。【D】与③句相悖:a moral code是对justice,fairness,tolerance...的正确概括,但 rigid(道德准则严格)却与 degraded to the margin(道德被边缘化)相反。

    【提炼思路】本题要求考生判断作者对当今集体信条的整体看法,解题时需综合多条线索:首先,信条的直接阐释部分(第五段③④⑤句)体现了作者的批驳和愤懑;其次,信条造成的后果(第五段①②句所述不正常现象)说明这是一种扭曲的价值观;另外,较远的第一段也可作为判断的辅助线索。


  5. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

    下列哪项是最后一段暗示内容?

    解析

    【锁定答案】第六段①②句对《世界新闻报》予以强烈谴责:编辑新闻的目的不是为了增进读者理解,不是体现内容的公正,也不是暴露共同的人性,而是为追求发行量和影响力不惜毁掉别人的生活。可见作者通过对《世界新闻报》的直面批驳反向说明道德意识对于报纸编辑的重要性,【B】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】利用①句 to promote reader understanding 设置干扰,但此处并非等同于“写作质量(且这完全偏离文章内容)”。【C】利用①句 betray any common humanity形成干扰,但文中只暗示“揭示人性是新闻编辑的一方面”,并未说明这是“新闻报道的核心”。【D】看似符合逻辑(新闻业存在问题——应制定更严格的规章),但实属主观推导:本文从“新闻/道德正直性(integrity,moral purpose)”方面讨论问题,并未涉及硬性的“行业规定(stricter industrial regulations)”。

    【提炼思路】本题要求对末段(作者观点态度集中展示部分)内容进行推理,解题时需谨记文章宏线“新闻业乃至整个社会的诚信缺失”,正确项需与主线紧密相关,错误项往往与主线无关或相悖。本题正确项【B】结合文章主线,从末段①②句对《世界新闻报》错误做法的批驳中反向推知正确方式(to be fair in what was written,to betray common humanity,not to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact)并进行概括。


【全文翻译】:

两年前,鲁伯特·默多克之女,伊丽莎白曾谈及“我们如此多的机构中令人不安的诚信缺失”。她认为,诚信已经崩塌,原因就在于人们共同接受社会中唯一的“分选机制”应该是利益和市场。但是“创造出我们想要的社会的是我们、人类、我们的人民大众,而不是利益”。

为了彻底阐释清楚自己观点,她继续说道:“政府、媒体及商界等机构之内的目的、道德语言缺失很可能会成为资本主义和自由最为危险的目标之一,这点已是越来越明显。”她认为,同样的道德目的缺失正在伤及诸如新闻国际这样的公司,使它更可能如同曾经的大规模非法电话窃听一样误入歧途。

尽管窃听审判已作出结论——判定《世界新闻报》前编辑安迪·柯尔逊犯下共谋窃听电话之罪,其前任丽贝卡·布鲁克斯在该项指控上被判无罪——但是更大范围的诚信的缺失问题依然存在。据悉,记者们窃听了多达 5500 人的电话。正如 2001年受雇于《世界新闻报》的电话窃听关键人物格伦·穆凯尔所承认,这是呈一定行业规模地进行窃听。其他人尚待审判。这一长串事件仍在展现。

在许多方面,道德目的缺失不仅仅体现为“如此大范围的电话窃听”实情,同时也体现于审判所依据的措辞/辩词之中。其中揭露的惊人真相之一是丽贝卡·布鲁克斯对于其新闻编辑室中所发生的事情知晓的有多么少,她曾想到要设法过问的事情又有多么少,甚至于她从来都没有询问过这些新闻报道到底是怎么来的。她成功辩词的核心便是她什么都不知道。

在当今世界,待遇优厚的高管们不为自己所经营管理的机构发生的事情负责已成常态。或许我们不应该如此惊讶。对这一代人而言,“社会的分选机制应该是利益”已成集体信条。重要的字眼是效率、弹性、股东利益、商业友好、财富创造、销售额、影响力,以及报界的发行量。而降至边缘的字眼则有公正、公平、宽容、均衡和责任。

编辑《世界新闻报》的目的不是为了增进读者理解,不是为了体现所写内容的公正,也不是为了彰显共同的人性。其目的在于为了追求发行量和影响力而去毁掉别人的生活。布鲁克斯女士或许曾经,也或许未曾对她的记者们是怎样得到新闻故事有过怀疑,但她不曾问询过任何问题,不曾给过任何指令——也不曾得到任何可追溯的、有记录的回答。