Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Part C
Directions :
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration——one of the great folk wanderings of history——swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces——the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrantsbound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief, Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture. ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
【总体分析】：
本文来源于历史学专著 An Outline of American History《美国历史纲要》，讲述了17-18世纪初期欧洲移民浪潮中，人们历经艰辛来到美洲，创建了美国，影响了其特点和命运。文中考查的知识点包括：固定结构、并列主语、同位语、插入语、较长的后置定语、定语从句。翻译方法包括前置法、后置法、增译法等。
参考答案
在各种强大动机的推动下，这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族，并循其本质塑造了一片全新大陆的特点，决定了它的命运。
解析
①本句是并列句（由 and 连接）。过去分词结构 driven by powerful and diverse motivations作状语，修饰整个句子，介词结构 out of a wilderness与 by its nature分别修饰 built与 shaped。②driverby状语提至句首位置，译为“在某事的推动下”，以符合汉语中将原因铺垫在前的习惯。③shape 意为“使成形，塑造”，shape the character and destiny...可按搭配习惯译为“塑造……特点，决定……命运”。uncharted 意思是“未知的，全新的”。
参考答案
合众国是两股主要力量作用的产物——一是具有不同思想、风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入，二是一个新国家因改变了这些特性而产生的影响。
解析
①本句由主句加破折号引出的两个同位语结构构成，of European peoples 与 with 介词结构修饰 immigration，which 引导的定语从句修饰 country。②product 常见意义为“产品”，此处是指某种情境下（两种主要力量作用下）的 product，相当于 result，即“产物，结果”。③为符合汉语表达习惯，可以适当增译。如 the product of two principal forces 可增译“作用”一词，即“两股主要力量作用下的产物”。the impact of a new country 可增译动词“产生”，即“新国家产生的影响”。
参考答案
但是美洲特有地理条件的作用，不同族群间的相互影响，加上在一片荒蛮新大陆上维持旧大陆方式的巨大困难，所有这一切引起了意义深远的变化。
解析
①本句由三个名词 the force、the interplay、the sheer difficulty作并列主语。介词短语 of geographic conditions peculiar to America， of the varied national groups upon one another， of maintaining old-world ways分别为三个名词的后置定语，翻译时需前置。②谓语结构 caused significant changes 可以采取增译法，增译“所有这一切”，既是对前面主语的概括，又符合中文的表达习惯。
参考答案
在十五、十六世纪的北美大陆探险过去一百多年后，首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只横穿过了大西洋。
解析
①本句主千是 The first shiploads of immigrants crossed the Atlantic。形容词短语 bound for territory是后置定语修饰主语，which定语从句修饰 territory，more than引出时间状语。②ship load 意为“船舶运载量”，此处后面跟 immigrants一词，说明船上运载的是移民，可译为“满载移民的船只”。bound for somewhere 意为“驶向/驶往某地”，for后面接目的地。后置定语与定语从句可以按语序翻译为“首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只”。③时间状语可提至句首，以符合汉语表达习惯“先铺设时间再引出事件”。
参考答案
郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直向南绵延到佐治亚的天然宝库，
解析
①本句主千是 The virgin forest was a real treasure-house。介词结构 with its richness and variety of trees 作后置定语修饰 forest，which引导的定语从句修饰 treasure-house。②virgin forest 意为“原始森林”；richness 意为“丰富，富足”，此处搭配 trees，形容其枝繁叶茂，郁郁葱葱的样子；variety此处指树木种类繁多；all the way down to指“一直到”，缅因州位于美国北部，佐治亚位于南部，短语体现了“森林从北绵延至南的一种生长状态”。
【全文翻译】：
在十七到十八世纪初期的一百年间，一股移民浪潮——一次史上巨大的民间迁徙——迅速从欧洲横扫至美洲。（46）在各种强大动机的推动下，这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族，并循其本质塑造了一片全新大陆的特点，决定了它的命运。
（47）合众国是两股主要力量作用的产物——一是具有不同思想、风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入，二是一个新国家因改变了这些特性而产生的影响。不可避免地，殖民地时期的美洲是欧洲的投影。成群的英格兰人、法国人、德国人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人、荷兰人、瑞典人和许多其他民族的人络绎不绝地横穿过大西洋，企图把他们的习惯和传统照搬到新世界里。（48）但是美洲特有地理条件的作用，不同族群间的相互影响，加上在一片荒蛮新大陆上维持旧大陆方式的巨大困难，所有这一切引起了意义深远的变化。这些变化是渐进的，最初几乎不明显。但结果却形成了一种新的社会模式，尽管它在很多方面与欧洲社会相似，但却具有明显的美国特色。
（49）在十五、十六世纪的北美大陆探险过去一百多年后，首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只横穿过了大西洋。与此同时，正在崛起的西班牙的殖民地在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美洲建立起来。这些奔赴北美洲的旅客乘坐的船狭小又极其拥挤。在他们六至十二周的航海中，他们靠微薄的食物配给生存。许多船沉没在暴风雨中，许多乘客命丧于疾病，婴儿几乎无法在此次旅程中幸存下来。有时候风暴刮得船远远偏离航线，而经常性的平静无风又带来难以忍受的长久性耽搁。
对于这些焦虑的旅客来说，看见美国海岸的那一刻带来的如释重负之感几乎难以形容。某位事件记录员说道，远在十二里格外的空气闻起来跟新盛开的花园一样芬芳。”这些殖民者第一眼瞥见的是这片新大陆上的茂密森林。（50）郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直向南绵延到佐治亚的天然宝库。这里有丰富的燃料和木材。这里有建造房子、家具和船只以及生产钾碱，染料和松脂制品的原材料。