本文选自 The International History Project （国际历史项目）网站上 2003 年一篇题为 Archaeology（考古学）的文章。选文围绕“如何搜寻考古遗址”展开，介绍了搜寻遗址的方法和手段。
【总体分析】：
Part B
Directions :
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
41.
C.
How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information, Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
在地表什么也看不见的情况下，考古学家怎么知道哪里能找到他们所要寻找的遗址呢？他们的典型做法是对大面积区域进行勘测和抽样（试验挖掘），以确定哪里会挖掘出有用信息。勘测和抽样分析对了解包含考古遗址的更大面积区域的地形特征也起到重要作用。
解析
文章首段的作用是引入主题或者交代与主题相关的背景。【B】段中的 in another case 和【F】段中的 however 均需与上文相衔接，不能作首段。【D】段首句 Surveys 是关于什么的调查（考察、勘测）尚不清楚，作首段太过突兀。【C】和【G】段似乎都可作为首段，这时要根据已经给出的【A】段内容来判断。【A】段主要介绍了发现考古遗址的三种途径：遗址本身容易被发现，需要经过仔细寻找才发现，偶然间发现。若【C】为首段，那么【C】和【A】的逻辑顺序为：先设问引题：考古学家如何确定考古遗址，再补充说明寻找古迹的典型做法用以介绍背景，然后介绍发现考古遗址的三种途径。【C】段与【A】段衔接合乎逻辑，语义顺畅。若【G】为首段，那么【G】和【A】的逻辑顺序为：先说明考古地面勘测及其运用的高科技手段，然后介绍发现考古遗址的三种途径。不难发现，【G】段与【A】段内容前后颠倒，衔接不顺。综上，确定【C】为首段。
A.
Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable —— for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt: and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident, Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
有些考古遗址总是很容易被发现，例如希腊雅典的帕特农神庙、埃及吉萨金字塔、英格兰南部的巨石阵。但是这些遗址都属于特例。多数考古遗址是经过仔细搜寻才发现的，而另外一些遗址则是偶然间被发现的。奥杜威峡谷，一处位于坦桑尼亚的史前人类遗址，是 1911 年一个掉进这条深谷的捕蝶人发现的。上千件阿芝特克手工艺品在二十世纪七十年代挖掘墨西哥城地铁期间才得以重见天日。
42.
F.
Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the inoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
然而，多数考古遗址是考古学家特意搜寻才被发现的。搜寻工作可能花费几年时间。英国考古学家 Howard Carter 从其他遗址获悉埃及法老图坦卡门陵墓的存在。他花了七年时间仔细搜寻帝王谷的碎石瓦砾，直到 1922 年才发现陵墓的位置。19 世纪末，英国考古学家 Arthur Evans 爵士将希腊雅典古董商店搜寻个遍。他要寻找一种属于古迈锡尼文明的微型雕刻印章，迈锡尼文明曾于公元前 1400年（15 世纪）到 1200年（13 世纪）间统治希腊。根据从这些雕刻上破译出来的信息，Evans 最终于 1900年在克里特岛克诺索斯找到了米斯诺王宫。
解析
【A】段介绍发现考古遗址的三种途径，并举例印证。浏览剩余段落，不难发现，【F】段首句转折（however）指出“大多数遗址需要考古学家花费数年专门仔细搜寻才最终被发现”，与【A】段内容“有些考古遗址容易被发现"正好形成转折关系，衔接顺畅。目与已给出的【E】段在时间先后关系和内容上均衔接紧密，因此，该题确定答案为【F】。
E.
To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
如今，考古学家要找到遗址，主要依赖系统的勘测方法和各种高科技设备及技术。一些空中技术手段，如飞机或航天器上搭载的各类雷达和摄影设备，使考古学家不用挖掘就能知道地下的情况。空中勘测可以大致定位目标区域或较大面积的埋葬遗址，如古建筑或古战场。
43.
G.
Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery, They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two-and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
地面勘测使考古学家能够准确定位有效的挖掘位置。多数地面勘测需要长途跋涉，寻找诸如小陶器碎片一类的地表线索。这种勘测通常包括在某一区域的选定地点进行大量挖掘来检测被埋物质。考古学家也可以利用地面雷达、磁场记录和金属探测等技术来定位被埋遗址位置。考古学家一般用电脑来绘制遗址及其周边的地形图。在规划挖掘地点、展示遗址样貌及呈现考古研究成果时，二维和三维地图是非常有用的工具。
解析
把【D】【B】一前一后捆绑后，我们需要确定【G】和【D】段哪个紧接【E】段。【E段介绍现代考古中应用到的高科技手段，并主要介绍空中勘测，【G】段主要介绍地面勘测，两段是总分关系，衔接顺畅，而【D】段直接以“勘测（Surveys）”开头，并未说明是“空中勘测”还是“地面勘测”，且从内容上看，本段是在从考古勘测覆盖范围的角度，说明勘测的两种方法：小范围勘测和大范围勘测。说明【D】段仍是总说“考古勘测”，与【E】段无法顺滑承接，故可确定【G】段位于【E】段之后。
44.
D.
Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
勘测可以覆盖单个大片居住点，也可以覆盖整个地形区域。比如在一个考古实例中，许多研究人员在洪都拉斯科藩玛雅古城利用航空摄影和步行勘测，定位了几百个小型村落和民宅的位置。由此绘制出来的居住图反映了在公元 500年到 850年科藩陷落期间，古城周边村落人口分布和密度是如何发生巨大变化的。
解析
见 45 题
45.
B.
In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
在另外一个实例中，美国考古学家 René Milion 和 George Cowgil 花了数年时间对位于今天墨西哥城附近的墨西哥谷中的整个特奥蒂瓦肯城进行了系统测绘。在大约公元 600年这座城市的鼎盛时期，它是当时世界上最大的人类居住地之一。研究人员不仅测绘了这座城市广阔华丽的仪式区域，而且还测绘了几百处普通人居住的较为简陋的住宅群。
解析
从逻辑衔接词 in one case 和 in another case 可以确定，【D】段应在【B】段之前。另外，从内容上看，【D】段首句“勘测可以覆盖某一定居点，也可以覆盖整个区域”属于总说，之后以 in one case 例证“勘测可以覆盖某一居住点（a single large settlement）”，【B】段以 in another case 例证“勘测也可以覆盖整个区域（entire landscape）”。因此可把【D】【B】两段捆绑。