Text 2

Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there's an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.

In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.

"We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing," said Nick Taylorexecutive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, "employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live," Taylor said.

However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realtors. "A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term," Castle said, "and so it's a cyclical effect."

Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy. "I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it's their vacation home anyway, and it's just empty, why can't you make money off it?" Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities——de facto hotels——to bypass taxes and regulations. "I think the question is, shouldn't a developer who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?" Horn said.

At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city's Inspectional Services Department.

Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but "if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more."


【总体分析】:

来源:www.boston.com“波士顿市政府网”2022.06.15。主题开发商把酒店伪装成短租房的做法而非短租本身,会侵占房源、推升房价、加剧租房危机。脉络:新英格兰地区欲监管短租市场(第一段)——举例说明监管尝试(第二段)——说明监管的争议(第三、四段)——总结争议(第五段)——明确解决办法(第六、七段)

  1. Which of the following is true of New England?

    关于新英格兰地区的叙述,下列哪项正确?

    解析

    【锁定答案】:首段②句指出如今新英格兰地区房价创历史新高而库存处历史低位,A 项正确。

    【排除干扰】:B项杂糅首段词汇而来,而文意实为“面对住房市场现状及开发商的威胁,各社区需要对短租市场进行管控”。C项与第二段①句描述的 New Hampshire(属 New England 地区)的情形“出租空置率已降至 1%以下”相悖。D项张冠李戴,将首段中“监管短租市场”偷换为“监管房价”。

    【提炼思路】:针对首段设置的事实判断题需要结合段落主旨(往往是全文主旨)进行取舍。Communitie……have been attempting to regulate short-term rental……No……there's an increased urgency insuch regulation……无疑说明首段主旨为“各社区需监管短租市场”,A项隐含的信息“需监管住房问题”契合段落主旨,B项“需要资金”与主旨无关,C、D项隐含的信息“无需监管、监管已开始”则与主旨相悖。


  2. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to

    第二段所提及的议案意在________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】:第二段②句指出议案计划将“城镇制定限制短租房的法规”定为违法行为,D项正确。

    【排除干扰】:A 项与第二段②句所述的议案内容“规定限制短租房违法”相悖。B项虽与第三段D句信息基本一致,但这与法案目的反向。C项杂第二段关键词ilegal,housing 与日常情形捏造干扰原文实指“将城镇的某些立法行为定为非法”,惩罚对象是“城镇的立法行为”而非“住房交易行为”。

    【提炼思路】:The bill/law/rule was intended to 为典型的“目的/初衷题”。本题定位 The stateLegislature recently voted against a bill that……涉及对立双方 The state Legislature vs a bill,题干问及The bill,故可直接关注其定语从句 that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restrictingshort-term rentals,确定 D项正确。A、C项与文意方向相反,故排除;B项则与议案无关,也排除。


  3. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support

    相较于卡斯尔,泰勒更可能会支持________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】:第三段介绍泰勒的观点“没有足够的可负担住房,雇主吸引不来员工,工人也难以找到住处”,第四段转而介绍卡斯尔的观点:服务于短期游客的短租房有助于维系工人的工作。可推知二者观点趋于对立,泰勒应支持“限制短租房、增加可负担住房”,卡斯尔则支持“发展短租房市场”,B项正确。

    【排除干扰】:A项张冠李戴,将卡斯尔的观点套用于泰勒。C项利用泰勒与房地产经纪人协会 CEO卡斯尔的观点对立,臆断泰勒认为“罪魁祸首是房地产商,应严加监管”,但文中并无这层关系。第三、四段O句中泰勒与卡斯尔均谈及“利好工人”,只是途径不同,因此 D项为两者观点的一致之处,而非相异之处。

    【提炼思路】:本题考查人物观点的比较,可采取以下思路解题:首先,根据泰勒的身份“劳工住房联盟负责人”可大概推知其关注点在于“劳工住房保障”,而根据卡斯尔的身份“房地产经纪人协会 CEO”可大概推知其关注点在“房地产经纪人的利益”,初步判断B项正确。随后,抓取第三段 Without enough A,Band C 及第四段Xalso provide housing for Y……Z are serving W……,W is serviced by Y,可梳理出两人的观点“短租房过量导致工人可负担住房不足 vs 短租房维系大量工人的工作”。据此可推知,两人会分别支持“减少短租,增加可负担住房”和“发展短租”,验证 B 项无误。


  4. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?

    霍恩在第五段中强调了什么?

    解析

    【锁定答案】:第五段霍恩先指出“短租房本身并非问题症结所在,个人利用闲置房赚钱是件好事”;后转而强调“当开发商通过将酒店伪装成短租房来逃避税收和法规时,问题出现;难道不应该像对酒店-样对他们进行征税和监管?”。可见霍恩意在强调“要阻止开发商逃税”,C项正确。

    【排除干扰】:A 项将第五段④句中霍恩强调的问题“开发商会修建大型短租场所来逃避征税”曲解为与之相反的“开发商应建立大型短租场所(以进行升级)”。B 项误认为第五段③句是在指出“当地房产市场应高效运营,提高空置房利用率”,但该句实为说明“个人把自己的空置房拿来出租赚钱无可厚非”无关住房市场的运营。第五段②句中霍恩只讨论了“出租闲置房的合理性(a good thing)”,D项所关注的“出租空置房程序的正规性(proper procedures)”文中并未提及。

    【提炼思路】:本题考查人物的核心观点,也即第五段主旨。根据本段首句与④句形成的取舍关系“Xare not the crux of the issue……Issues arise, however, when Y”可判断出前三句铺垫,主旨落于④⑤句,这两句的重点又落在反问句式 shouldnt……be treated and taxed and regulated like……?凸显的强烈建议“理应对将酒店伪装成短租设施的开发商按照酒店标准进行征税和监管”,锁定 C 项。


  5. Hom holds that imposing registration requirements is

    霍恩认为,强制注册的要求是________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】:末段霍恩先让步肯定“这类强制登记要求有益于解决城镇的住房危机”,后转而强调“最根本的解决办法在于建造更多住房”。综合可知,霍恩认为强制注册的要求无法根治住房问题,D项正确。

    【排除干扰】:A项关键词irrational源自第六段②句的绝对表达 requires every rental host to register,但该句为作者对法案要求的客观介绍,并未体现霍恩对法案要求的看法。B 项关键词 uneasible 和C项关键词 unnecessary均源自对末段句内转折的曲解,将句子前后两大举措在解决住房问题上的关系由“主次(the main one)”窜改为“取舍”主要 vs 次要一不可行/不必要 vs 可行/必要。

    【提炼思路】:对于特定事物评价类人物观点题,需要做到:1.分清文中信息“客观介绍事物内容 vs 人物观点看法”;2.仔细推敲人物话语,准确把握其观点,尤其要注意文中的转折逻辑、取舍关系等。3.结合文中同一人物的其他观点进行整体把握。如本题,可先判定“第六段介绍登记要求,第七段霍恩发表看法”,然后仔细推敲第七段内部的转折逻辑,最后结合第五段所述的霍恩观点“应阻止开发商逃税/遇制投资型买家”可知,作者对注册要求为支持/接受态度,便可确定 D 项正确,排除 A、B、C 三项。


【全文翻译】:

自从爱彼迎等网站在 21 世纪的第二个十年间兴起以来,整个新英格兰地区的各个社区就一直在试图对短租市场实行管控。如今房价创历史新高而库存处历史低位的情形之下,这种管控需求愈发紧迫。尤其是对于那些担心开发商会趁机而入、买下成片住房并迅速租售,以求在短租市场上大捞一笔的人而言,紧迫性更甚。

在出租空置率已降至1%以下的新罕布什尔州,保障住房供给的工作者们担心放任短租自由发展将会给一个已然紧张的市场进一步带来压力。其州议会最近刚刚投票否决了一项计划将“城镇制定限制短租房的法规”定为违法行为的议案。

“我们的出租房屋供应已经到了危机水平。”大海岸地区劳工住房联盟的执行董事尼克·泰勒声称。新罕布什尔州的南部城镇没有足够的可负担住房,“所以雇主吸引不来员工,工人也难以找到住处”,泰勒说道。

然而,短租房也为游客提供住处,一家当地房地产经纪人协会的 CEO 瑞恩·卡斯尔指出。“许多劳动者在服务于旅游业,而旅游业则靠短暂到此的人们支撑,”卡斯尔说,“这就形成了循环效应。”

可负担住房政策专家克伦。霍恩指出,短租房本身并非问题的症结所在。“我认为个人能把自己的第二富所拿来出租是件好事。如果这再加之是他们的度假屋且刚好空置,为什么不能用它来赚钱9”霍恩说道。然而,当开发商试图修建大型短租场所---实质上为酒店一-来绕过税收和法规之时,问题便出现了。“我认为问题在于,实际上是在建一家酒店但将其伪装成非酒店的开发商,难道不应该像酒店-样被看待、被征税、被监管么?”霍恩说道。

2018 年底,马萨诸塞州州长查理。贝克签署了一项法案,以遏制此类潜在的投资型买家。该法案要求所有出租屋屋主必须到州政府登记,规定其必须购买保险,并提出有可能会在新州税基础上增收地方税。波士顿市则更进一步,要求出租人到市检查服务部进行登记。

霍恩表示,类似的登记要求会让陷于困境的城镇从中受益,但“如果我们想要真正改变现有住房市场,最根本的途径是必须建造更多的住房”。