Text 4

When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt, Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.


【总体分析】:

来源:The Guardian《卫报》2013.06.18。本文论述了英国“可支付住房(affordable housing,类似于‘经济适用房’)无法满足需求”的问题及可能的解决措施。脉络:提出问题(第一段)——分析原因(第二段)——提出更为严峻的问题(第三段)——给出问题解决办法(第四至八段)。

  1. The author believes that the housing sector ________.

    作者认为房地产行业________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第二段末句明确指出,这个问题(the issue 指代上段“房地产业的经济贡献被政府忽视’这一问题)一直受到严重的政治制约(so politically charged),可见,作者认为房地产行业涉及政治因素,【D】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】与第二段⑤句“在众多大规模的基础设施项目中,住房很难获得关注”相悖。【B】与第二段③句“房地产行业实际对经济做出了发展贡献,但没有把这种真实价值很好地传达出来”相悖。【C】将第二段②句房地产行业“负有不可推卸的责任”窜改为与之存在巨大含义偏差的“承担了太多的责任”。

    【提炼思路】本题考査文中事实信息。解题难点在于理解到第二段 the issue指代上文“房地产行业问题”。解题思路为根据选项关键词将其分别定位,并将选项和原文相比对:正确项【D】involves certain political factors 对原文中 so politically charged 同义替换。干扰项【A】has attracted much attention 与文中attention is focused elsewhere 相反;【C】 shoulders ... responsibility与文中 must shoulder the blame 含义完全不同;【B】has lost its real value 与文中 have not been good at communicating the real value 并非一回事。


  2. It can be learned that affordable housing has ________.

    从文中可知,可支付住房已经________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第三段指出问题:可支付住房形势严峻,供不应求;随后第四段就这一问题向政府提出建议:政府应该将历史偏见搁置一边以解决人们迫切的住房需求问题,由此可推知,可支付住房已遭受政府的偏见,【A】正确。

    【排除干扰】【B】将第三段②句“轮候家庭不断增加,而新建可支付住房却不足”窜改为“可支付住房的供给增加”。【C】将第四段①句“综合开支审査(The comprehensive spending review)为政府提供了解决上述问题(可支付住房供不应求问题)的机会”曲解为“可支付住房提供了开支机会”。【D】将第三段①句 desperate 含义“形势严峻”生硬理解为“令人失望、绝望”。

    【提炼思路】本题考査推理引申。考生应:一、学会对文中具体信息进行反推:“政府需要摒弃历史偏见(It/the government needs to put historical prejudices to one side)”这一建议暗示“政府持有偏见”这一事实。二、认识到 biases 为文中 prejudices 的同义替换。


  3. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ________.

    根据第五段,乔治·奥斯本可能________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第五段②句指出,奥斯本可能会对地方政府住房存量债务的贷款金额上限采取更灵活的措施,即:放宽政府建房贷款,【C】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】段中“放宽地方政府住房存量债务的借贷限额”实际指的是“增加”而非“减少”住房存量债务。【B】无关干扰,段中③句末尾“GDP 提高 0.6%”是奥斯本拟定措施的预测影响,而原文并未提及奥斯本意欲发布 GDP 增长的预测。【D】反向干扰:“提高地方政府借贷上限额度”是为了“鼓励”而非“阻止”地方政府建房。

    【提炼思路】本题考人物可能做出的举措。本题定位虽易——可直接定位到第五段②句,但由于其中含有较为抽象的 flexibility 以及熟词辟义 cap(【美国英语】上限,(费用的)最高限度),很难完全明白其准确的含义。此时需要结合下文进一步说明的措施影响“预计有更多的新房建成”来进一步理解。


  4. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ________.

    从文中可以推知,稳定的租赁环境会________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第六段指出,政府需要增强租赁环境的稳定性,这将会影响到注册供应者凭借营业收入为新建住房提供资金的能力,可见【C】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】【D】无中生有,文中并未提及注册供应者的成本问题,以及政府干预的影响问题。【B】与第六段“部长大臣们要考虑提高房屋租赁环境的稳定性(暗示其责任会加重)”相悖。

    【提炼思路】本题考査考生根据文章细节信息进行推理的能力。解题关键在于发现:一、题干中 astable rental environment 和第六段 creating greater certainty in the rental environment 同义;二,第六段以 would have a significant impact on 体现因果关系,【C】中 contribute to与此功能相同。


  5. The author believes that after 2015, the government may ________.

    作者认为 2015 年后,政府可能________。

    解析

    【锁定答案】第七段②句指出用于投资住房的大规模拨款项目于 2015 年到期后将不再延期(expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended);④⑤句“房地产企业应正视不再有大规模公共拨款的时代”也暗指政府不大可能再给房地产业提供大规模拨款,因此【B】正确。

    【排除干扰】【A】与第七段末两句“我们应该作出调整以适应政府政策支持的减少”相反。【C】与第七段②句“用于投资经济适用房的拨款项目于 2015 年到期后将不再延期”相悖。【D】中含有“大规模拨款的需求得到满足”的较大可能,与“我们不大可能回到大规模公共拨款的年代(几乎没有可能)”有巨大偏差。

    【提炼思路】本题考查学生把握文章细节信息的能力。解题关键在于牢牢抓住第七段最后两句以 The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever ... ,We need to adjust to ... 所凸显强调的作者观点“大规模公共拨款的时代很难重现,对此我们应该适应”。然后以此为标尺,将各选项分别回位原文进行比对。


【全文翻译】:

当政府谈及有助于经济发展的基础设施时,通常着眼于公路、铁路、宽带和能源,却很少提及住房。

这是为什么呢?在某种程度上,房地产行业必须承担责任。一直以来我们不是很擅长传达住房在经济发展中所贡献的真实价值。再有一个是典型住房项目的规模,(它们)很难在数十亿英镑的基础设施项目中获取注意力,因此,注意力集中在他处也在所难免。但是也许最重要的原因是,这个问题一直受到严重的政治制约。

然而,可支付住房形势却很严峻。一方面,轮候名单一直在增加,另一方面,我们确实没有建造足够多的新房。

综合开支审查给政府提供了一个调整这一状况的机会。政府需要将历史偏见搁置一边,采取一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。

有迹象表明,政府正准备这样做。社区大臣唐·福斯特已经透露,财政大臣乔治·奥斯本可能会对地方政府住房存量债务的借贷数额上限采取更大的灵活度。有证据表明,如果上限被提升,未来5年内将有另外6万套新房竣工,GDP 将提高0.6%。

部长大臣们还应该考虑提高房屋租赁市场的稳定性,这将对注册供应者凭借营业收入为新建住房提供资金的能力产生重大影响。

但这不仅仅是政府的责任。尽管这些措施在短期内将受到欢迎,但是我们必须面对现实:目前用于投资新可支付住房的 45 亿英镑拨款项目将于 2015 年到期,并且不可能延期。工党最近宣布,如果重掌大权,它将保留联合政府的大部分支出计划。房地产行业需要接受的事实是:我们非常不可能回到大规模公共拨款的年代,我们需要适应这变化的环境。

尽管政府对长期资助的承诺可能已经动摇了,但人们对更多可支付住房的迫切需求是真实存在的,且不会消失。